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Andersonville, or Camp Sumter as it was officially known, was one of the largest of many established prison camps during the American Civil War. It was built early in 1864 after Confederate officials decided to move the large number of Federal prisoners kept in and around Richmond, Virginia, to a place of greater security and a more abundant food supply. During the 14 months the prison existed, more than 45,000 Union Solders were confined here. Of these, almost 13,000 died from disease, poor sanitation, malnutrition, overcrowding, or exposure to the elements.
The pen initially covered about 16 1/2 acres of land enclosed by a 15 foot high stockade of hewn pine logs. It was enlarged to 26 1/2 acres in June of 1864. The stockade was in the shape of a parallelogram 1,620 feet long and 779 feet wide. Sentry boxes, or "pigeon roost" as the prisoners called them, stood at 30 yard intervals along the top of the stockade. Inside, about 19 feet from the wall, was the " DEADLINE ," which the prisoners were forbidden to cross upon threat of death. Flowing through the prison yard was a stream called Stockade Branch, which supplied water to most of the prison. Two entrances, the North Gate and the South Gate, were on the West side of the stockade. Eight small earthen forts located around the exterior of the prison were equipped with artillery to quell disturbances within the compound and to defend against feared Union cavalry attacks. The first prisoners were brought to Andersonville in February, 1864. During the next few months approximately 400 more arrived each day until, by the end of June, some 26,000 men were confined in a prison area originally intended to hold 13,000. The largest number held at any one time was more than 32,000- about the population of present-day Sumter County- in August, 1864. Handicapped by deteriorating economic conditions, an inadequate transportation system, and the need to concentrate all available resources on the army, the Confederate government was unable to provide adequate housing, food, clothing, and medical care to their Federal captives. These conditions, along with a breakdown of the prisoner exchange system, resulted in much suffering and a high mortality rate. On July 9, 1864, Sgt. David Kennedy of the 9th Ohio Cavalry wrote in his diary: ' Wuld that I was an artist & had the material to paint this camp & all its horors or the tounge of some eloquent Statesman and had the privleage of expresing my mind to our hon. rulers at Washington, I should gloery to describe this hell on earth where it takes 7 of its ocupiants to make a shadow.'
U.S. Park at Andersonville
The pen initially covered about 16 1/2 acres of land enclosed by a 15 foot high stockade of hewn pine logs. It was enlarged to 26 1/2 acres in June of 1864. The stockade was in the shape of a parallelogram 1,620 feet long and 779 feet wide. Sentry boxes, or "pigeon roost" as the prisoners called them, stood at 30 yard intervals along the top of the stockade. Inside, about 19 feet from the wall, was the " DEADLINE ," which the prisoners were forbidden to cross upon threat of death. Flowing through the prison yard was a stream called Stockade Branch, which supplied water to most of the prison. Two entrances, the North Gate and the South Gate, were on the West side of the stockade. Eight small earthen forts located around the exterior of the prison were equipped with artillery to quell disturbances within the compound and to defend against feared Union cavalry attacks. The first prisoners were brought to Andersonville in February, 1864. During the next few months approximately 400 more arrived each day until, by the end of June, some 26,000 men were confined in a prison area originally intended to hold 13,000. The largest number held at any one time was more than 32,000- about the population of present-day Sumter County- in August, 1864. Handicapped by deteriorating economic conditions, an inadequate transportation system, and the need to concentrate all available resources on the army, the Confederate government was unable to provide adequate housing, food, clothing, and medical care to their Federal captives. These conditions, along with a breakdown of the prisoner exchange system, resulted in much suffering and a high mortality rate. On July 9, 1864, Sgt. David Kennedy of the 9th Ohio Cavalry wrote in his diary: ' Wuld that I was an artist & had the material to paint this camp & all its horors or the tounge of some eloquent Statesman and had the privleage of expresing my mind to our hon. rulers at Washington, I should gloery to describe this hell on earth where it takes 7 of its ocupiants to make a shadow.'
U.S. Park at Andersonville
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Anybody has seen that movie called "Glory"
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... activities the white American society did for the slavery movement. Jefferson?s argument for black slavery will be refuted through examples and discussion of Douglass? arguments against the slavery movement.
Thomas Jefferson stated in his essay ?Notes on the State of Virginia? under Query 14, entitled ?Laws,? that the blacks are rightfully subjected as slaves because of the inferiority of their mental and physical capabilities, which is an act of nature, which makes the argument that slavery is justly right because blacks are meant by nature to be slaves and inferior to whites. He state in his essay that blacks ?equal to whites? in memory, ?in reason much inferior? and ...
... for black American slavery by stating that ?the blacks, whether originally a distinct race? are inferior to whites in the endowments of both body and mind? This unfortunate difference in color, and perhaps of faculty, is a powerful obstacle to the emancipation of these people? (Jefferson p. 271).
This argument and claim about the black Americans? inferiority to white Americans is unfounded and false if the basis would be Douglass? narration and autobiography of his life as a slave. Contrary to the statement of Jefferson that blacks are not only inferior in physical color and race, but also in their mental faculties when compared with whites. This claim by Jefferson ...
black slaves
Thomas Jefferson stated in his essay ?Notes on the State of Virginia? under Query 14, entitled ?Laws,? that the blacks are rightfully subjected as slaves because of the inferiority of their mental and physical capabilities, which is an act of nature, which makes the argument that slavery is justly right because blacks are meant by nature to be slaves and inferior to whites. He state in his essay that blacks ?equal to whites? in memory, ?in reason much inferior? and ...
... for black American slavery by stating that ?the blacks, whether originally a distinct race? are inferior to whites in the endowments of both body and mind? This unfortunate difference in color, and perhaps of faculty, is a powerful obstacle to the emancipation of these people? (Jefferson p. 271).
This argument and claim about the black Americans? inferiority to white Americans is unfounded and false if the basis would be Douglass? narration and autobiography of his life as a slave. Contrary to the statement of Jefferson that blacks are not only inferior in physical color and race, but also in their mental faculties when compared with whites. This claim by Jefferson ...
black slaves
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two hundred years prior to the emancipation. . Under duress, humans adapt quickly or they perish, and this adaptation is quite evident in the stories that the black slaves shared with one another.
While the stories may have borrowed extensively from characters in Africa, and their telling, the oral tradition that was part and parcel of the black experience from the time their ancestors were herded into the slave ships and across the Atlantic, the stories that gradually developed were born of their conditions in the New World. "Regardless of where slave tales came from, the essential point is that, with respect to language, delivery, details of characterization, and plot, slaves quickly made them ...
... The naturally tense situation of being a slaved subjected to a master made survival a tricky business, requiring much instruction, which made the folklore extremely pragmatic. "It was this perhaps as much as feelings of Christian humility that led to the stress on the pitfalls of aspiring too high. It was dangerous for black men and women to forget who or where they were, and this danger constituted a motif running through Negro tales." (p 97)
While tales of freedom were not plentiful, and they rarely addressed the freedom of the next world that the spirituals did, they did exist. Many were the stories of Abe Lincoln secretly coming to the black people ...
black women slaves
While the stories may have borrowed extensively from characters in Africa, and their telling, the oral tradition that was part and parcel of the black experience from the time their ancestors were herded into the slave ships and across the Atlantic, the stories that gradually developed were born of their conditions in the New World. "Regardless of where slave tales came from, the essential point is that, with respect to language, delivery, details of characterization, and plot, slaves quickly made them ...
... The naturally tense situation of being a slaved subjected to a master made survival a tricky business, requiring much instruction, which made the folklore extremely pragmatic. "It was this perhaps as much as feelings of Christian humility that led to the stress on the pitfalls of aspiring too high. It was dangerous for black men and women to forget who or where they were, and this danger constituted a motif running through Negro tales." (p 97)
While tales of freedom were not plentiful, and they rarely addressed the freedom of the next world that the spirituals did, they did exist. Many were the stories of Abe Lincoln secretly coming to the black people ...
black women slaves
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What Is The Forgotten Cause
Of The Civil War ?
There are Civil War books . . . and then there are Civil War books. Among the many books about the Civil War on the market today, only one addresses a little-known reason why that great conflict was fought. International book reviewer Danny Yee has stated, "One of the things that has always puzzled me about the history of the United States is how a civil war could be fought and won to end slavery, but full civil rights not be granted to blacks until a century later." An explanation is to be found in The Forgotten Cause of the Civil War by Dr. Lawrence R. Tenzer whose 21 years of research show that many in the North perceived slavery as a personal threat to their free Northern way of life.
Tenzer explains that in the antebellum South, the children of slave mothers were slaves from the moment of birth. Even though miscegenation lightened skin color, virtually white slave children were still considered mulattoes and remained slaves nonetheless, even after an endless number of generations went by and all discernible Negroid traits were long gone. A good example is a case he reports in which a slave woman who was one sixty-fourth black was on the auction block. One of her great-great-great-great grandparents was black. Not all slaves in the South were black, and this phenomenon of white slaves, whites with a distant black ancestor, was to have unexpected political consequences.
A large number of white slaves escaped to the Northern states hoping to pass into free white society, and slave catchers went North looking for them. This posed a direct threat to white people living in the North because under the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, runaway slaves could be reclaimed without due process, which in effect allowed for free whites to be mistakenly seized. Furthermore, as Chapter 6 goes on to prove, such Southern political power opened up the potential for slavery being nationalized, and as such the very real possibility existed that enslavement could be extended to the lower class of white laborers as well. Lincoln himself made reference to slavery "regardless of color" during a speech he gave in Chicago on December 10, 1856. Lincoln also spoke of white slavery in other speeches, all of which Tenzer has fully documented. PLATE 9 is his book shows an 1856 Republican party handbill which clearly states in capital letters, "SLAVERY IS RIGHT, NATURAL, AND NECESSARY, AND DOES NOT DEPEND UPON DIFFERENCE OF COMPLEXION. THE LAWS OF THE SLAVE STATES JUSTIFY THE HOLDING OF WHITE MEN IN BONDAGE." Illustrations which depict actual white slaves and other historical documents having to do with white slavery provide enough proof to convince even the most skeptical reader that white people were slaves in the American South and that white slavery was indeed a cause of the Civil War. It is very important to point out that white slavery was merely a by-product of black slavery since there were certainly a great many more black slaves than white. It was the idea — not the reality — of white slavery and the threat to freedom it posed which concerned the North.
Tenzer’s book is entitled, The Forgotten Cause of the Civil War. If a "cause" can be defined as any political or social dynamic which exacerbated the tension between the North and the South, then white slavery with the fear it engendered certainly qualifies having contributed to the deep-rooted friction which existed between the free and slave sections of the country. Tenzer offers an original thought-provoking perspective to our understanding of Abraham Lincoln and pre-Civil War politics along with a unique bibliography with many items which have never appeared in modern scholarship. Of particular importance is the fact that this fully-documented book is the first to explain why Northerners went to war to end slavery without granting blacks full civil rights after that war was won. By bringing new light to bear on slavery and other race-related issues, Tenzer believes his work will help to heal the many racial wounds which are still festering in this country. ORDER The Forgotten Cause of the Civil War from Scholars’ Publishing House.
Of The Civil War ?
There are Civil War books . . . and then there are Civil War books. Among the many books about the Civil War on the market today, only one addresses a little-known reason why that great conflict was fought. International book reviewer Danny Yee has stated, "One of the things that has always puzzled me about the history of the United States is how a civil war could be fought and won to end slavery, but full civil rights not be granted to blacks until a century later." An explanation is to be found in The Forgotten Cause of the Civil War by Dr. Lawrence R. Tenzer whose 21 years of research show that many in the North perceived slavery as a personal threat to their free Northern way of life.
Tenzer explains that in the antebellum South, the children of slave mothers were slaves from the moment of birth. Even though miscegenation lightened skin color, virtually white slave children were still considered mulattoes and remained slaves nonetheless, even after an endless number of generations went by and all discernible Negroid traits were long gone. A good example is a case he reports in which a slave woman who was one sixty-fourth black was on the auction block. One of her great-great-great-great grandparents was black. Not all slaves in the South were black, and this phenomenon of white slaves, whites with a distant black ancestor, was to have unexpected political consequences.
A large number of white slaves escaped to the Northern states hoping to pass into free white society, and slave catchers went North looking for them. This posed a direct threat to white people living in the North because under the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, runaway slaves could be reclaimed without due process, which in effect allowed for free whites to be mistakenly seized. Furthermore, as Chapter 6 goes on to prove, such Southern political power opened up the potential for slavery being nationalized, and as such the very real possibility existed that enslavement could be extended to the lower class of white laborers as well. Lincoln himself made reference to slavery "regardless of color" during a speech he gave in Chicago on December 10, 1856. Lincoln also spoke of white slavery in other speeches, all of which Tenzer has fully documented. PLATE 9 is his book shows an 1856 Republican party handbill which clearly states in capital letters, "SLAVERY IS RIGHT, NATURAL, AND NECESSARY, AND DOES NOT DEPEND UPON DIFFERENCE OF COMPLEXION. THE LAWS OF THE SLAVE STATES JUSTIFY THE HOLDING OF WHITE MEN IN BONDAGE." Illustrations which depict actual white slaves and other historical documents having to do with white slavery provide enough proof to convince even the most skeptical reader that white people were slaves in the American South and that white slavery was indeed a cause of the Civil War. It is very important to point out that white slavery was merely a by-product of black slavery since there were certainly a great many more black slaves than white. It was the idea — not the reality — of white slavery and the threat to freedom it posed which concerned the North.
Tenzer’s book is entitled, The Forgotten Cause of the Civil War. If a "cause" can be defined as any political or social dynamic which exacerbated the tension between the North and the South, then white slavery with the fear it engendered certainly qualifies having contributed to the deep-rooted friction which existed between the free and slave sections of the country. Tenzer offers an original thought-provoking perspective to our understanding of Abraham Lincoln and pre-Civil War politics along with a unique bibliography with many items which have never appeared in modern scholarship. Of particular importance is the fact that this fully-documented book is the first to explain why Northerners went to war to end slavery without granting blacks full civil rights after that war was won. By bringing new light to bear on slavery and other race-related issues, Tenzer believes his work will help to heal the many racial wounds which are still festering in this country. ORDER The Forgotten Cause of the Civil War from Scholars’ Publishing House.
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Home of Robert Lee.
Front yard of Robert Lee Home. The Blue Boys' yard
Welcome to the Robert E. Lee Memorial
Robert E. Lee once wrote to a cousin that at Arlington House "my affections and attachments are more strongly placed than at any other place in the world." Today this house overlooking the Potomac River and Washington, D.C., is preserved as a memorial to General Lee, a man who gained respect of Americans in both the North and South.
Arlington House is uniquely associated with the families of Washington, Custis, and Lee for it was built by George Washington Park Custis. After his father died, young Custis was raised by his grandmother and her second husband, George Washington at Mount Vernon, Custis, a farsighted agricultural pioneer, painter, playwright, and orator, was interested in perpetuating the memory and principles of George Washington. His house, begun in 1802 but not completed until 1817, became a "treasury" of Washington heirlooms. Arlington House, named after the Custis family's homestead of Virginia's Eastern Shore, was built on a 445-hectare (1,100-acre) estate that Custis' father, John Parke Custis, purchased in 1778. The house was designed by George Hadfield, a young English architect who was for a time in charge of the construction of the Capitol. The north and south wings were completed between 1802 and 1804. The large center section and the portico, presenting an imposing front 43 meters (140 feet) long, were finished 13 years later. Robert E. Lee described the house, situated on a hill high above the Potomac as one "anyone might see with half an eye."
In 1804 Custis had married Mary Lee Fitzhugh. Their only child to survive infancy was Mary Anna Randolph Custis, born in 1808. Young Robert E. Lee, whose mother wa a cousin of Mrs. Custis, frequently visited Arlington. Two years after graduating from West Point, Lieutenant Lee married Mary Custis at Arlington on June 30, 1831. For 30 years Arlington House was home to the Lees. They spent much of their married life traveling between U.S. Army duty stations and Arlington, where six of their seven children were born. They shared this home with Mary's parents, the Custises.
When George Washington Park Custis died in 1857, he left the Arlington estate to Mrs. Lee for her lifetime and afterwards to the Lees' eldest son, George Washington Custis Lee. The estate needed much repair and reorganization, and Lee, as executor, took a leave of absence from the Army until 1860 to begin the necessary agricultural and financial improvements.
Lee was distressed when news reached him that Virginia had adopted an Ordinance of Secession on April 17, 1861. He had supported preservation of the Union that his father and uncles had helped create and opposed slavery, but he remained loyal to his native state. He was at home at Arlington on April 20, 1861, when he made his decision to resign his commission in the U.S. Army. Two days later Lee left Arlington for Richmond to accept command of Virginia's military forces with the General Assembly's approval; he never returned to Arlington. About a month later, with Union occupation imminent, Mrs. Lee also left Arlington, managing to send some of the family valuables off to safety. After Arlington became headquarters for the officers who were superintending the nearby defenses of Washington, many of the remaining family possessions were moved to the Patent Office for safekeeping. Some items, however, including a few of the Mount Vernon heirlooms, had already been looted and scattered.
A wartime law required that property owners in areas occupied by Federal troops appear in person to pay their taxes. Unable to comply with this rule. Mrs. Lee saw her estate confiscated in 1864. An 81-hectare (200-acre) section was set aside as a military cemetery, the beginning of today's Arlington National Cemetery. In 1892 G.W.C. Lee's suit against the Federal Government for the return of his property was successful. By then, hundreds of graves covered the hills of Arlington and he accepted the Government's offer of $150,000 for the property.
For some years the superintendent of the cemetery and the staff used the mansion as offices and living quarters. Beginning in 1925, the War Department began restoring the house, and in 1933 it was transferred to the National Park Service. In 1955 the mansion was designated as a memorial to Robert E. Lee. Over the years some of the original furnishings have been obtained. The hope is to restore the house to its pre- Civil War appearance and to recreate the home that Lee and his family loved so much.
Welcome to the Robert E. Lee Memorial
Front yard of Robert Lee Home. The Blue Boys' yard
Welcome to the Robert E. Lee Memorial
Robert E. Lee once wrote to a cousin that at Arlington House "my affections and attachments are more strongly placed than at any other place in the world." Today this house overlooking the Potomac River and Washington, D.C., is preserved as a memorial to General Lee, a man who gained respect of Americans in both the North and South.
Arlington House is uniquely associated with the families of Washington, Custis, and Lee for it was built by George Washington Park Custis. After his father died, young Custis was raised by his grandmother and her second husband, George Washington at Mount Vernon, Custis, a farsighted agricultural pioneer, painter, playwright, and orator, was interested in perpetuating the memory and principles of George Washington. His house, begun in 1802 but not completed until 1817, became a "treasury" of Washington heirlooms. Arlington House, named after the Custis family's homestead of Virginia's Eastern Shore, was built on a 445-hectare (1,100-acre) estate that Custis' father, John Parke Custis, purchased in 1778. The house was designed by George Hadfield, a young English architect who was for a time in charge of the construction of the Capitol. The north and south wings were completed between 1802 and 1804. The large center section and the portico, presenting an imposing front 43 meters (140 feet) long, were finished 13 years later. Robert E. Lee described the house, situated on a hill high above the Potomac as one "anyone might see with half an eye."
In 1804 Custis had married Mary Lee Fitzhugh. Their only child to survive infancy was Mary Anna Randolph Custis, born in 1808. Young Robert E. Lee, whose mother wa a cousin of Mrs. Custis, frequently visited Arlington. Two years after graduating from West Point, Lieutenant Lee married Mary Custis at Arlington on June 30, 1831. For 30 years Arlington House was home to the Lees. They spent much of their married life traveling between U.S. Army duty stations and Arlington, where six of their seven children were born. They shared this home with Mary's parents, the Custises.
When George Washington Park Custis died in 1857, he left the Arlington estate to Mrs. Lee for her lifetime and afterwards to the Lees' eldest son, George Washington Custis Lee. The estate needed much repair and reorganization, and Lee, as executor, took a leave of absence from the Army until 1860 to begin the necessary agricultural and financial improvements.
Lee was distressed when news reached him that Virginia had adopted an Ordinance of Secession on April 17, 1861. He had supported preservation of the Union that his father and uncles had helped create and opposed slavery, but he remained loyal to his native state. He was at home at Arlington on April 20, 1861, when he made his decision to resign his commission in the U.S. Army. Two days later Lee left Arlington for Richmond to accept command of Virginia's military forces with the General Assembly's approval; he never returned to Arlington. About a month later, with Union occupation imminent, Mrs. Lee also left Arlington, managing to send some of the family valuables off to safety. After Arlington became headquarters for the officers who were superintending the nearby defenses of Washington, many of the remaining family possessions were moved to the Patent Office for safekeeping. Some items, however, including a few of the Mount Vernon heirlooms, had already been looted and scattered.
A wartime law required that property owners in areas occupied by Federal troops appear in person to pay their taxes. Unable to comply with this rule. Mrs. Lee saw her estate confiscated in 1864. An 81-hectare (200-acre) section was set aside as a military cemetery, the beginning of today's Arlington National Cemetery. In 1892 G.W.C. Lee's suit against the Federal Government for the return of his property was successful. By then, hundreds of graves covered the hills of Arlington and he accepted the Government's offer of $150,000 for the property.
For some years the superintendent of the cemetery and the staff used the mansion as offices and living quarters. Beginning in 1925, the War Department began restoring the house, and in 1933 it was transferred to the National Park Service. In 1955 the mansion was designated as a memorial to Robert E. Lee. Over the years some of the original furnishings have been obtained. The hope is to restore the house to its pre- Civil War appearance and to recreate the home that Lee and his family loved so much.
Welcome to the Robert E. Lee Memorial
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You see these Flags -
They tried to wipe out an entire race. Mudering them & stealing land.
Yet this one -
Is the only one that is considered racist
They tried to wipe out an entire race. Mudering them & stealing land.
Yet this one -
Is the only one that is considered racist
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