How climate deniers abuse statistics to mislead
Climate deniers use a narrow window of data from 1998 to say that the Earth is not experiencing global warming. But 1998 was one of the hottest years on record due to an extraordinary El Niño and, since 2000, nine of the 10 hottest years on record have occurred. The narrow window of data doesn't reflect the decades of cooler years preceding it.
By James Temple
July 22, 2013
In 1998, the global mean temperature was 58.3 degrees Fahrenheit, according to NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies. In 2012, it was 58.2 degrees.
That's a 0.1 degree decrease. Look, I just disproved global warming! Hummers for everyone!
As ridiculous as it sounds, that simplistic analysis is the basis for one of the most frequently cited critiques of climate science. Indeed, any time I write about global warming, an e-mail arguing that the globe hasn't heated in 15 years reliably lands in my in-box.
Those readers are probably taking their talking points from the many professional climate deniers who repeat this inaccuracy as often as possible, including in opinion pieces in Forbes and the Wall Street Journal.
"Warming ended 15 years ago, and global temperatures have stopped increasing since then, if not actually cooled, even though global CO{-2} emissions have soared over this period," wrote Peter Ferrara, a director at the Heartland Institute, in a representative Forbes.com piece.
This conclusion isn't at all surprising from a conservative think tank that routinely goes to great lengths to sow doubts about the science of global warming in the public mind. The problem is that arriving at it requires ignoring everything but the two dots on a chart that, in isolation, seem to make their case.
The 1998 gambit
Let's start by looking at the data in question:
It becomes immediately obvious that this is a classic case of manipulating statistics to reach a predetermined conclusion, specifically by cherry-picking the start date. That red line that deniers are relying on doesn't actually conform to the shape of that chart.
If you want to know whether a climate change denier is attempting to mislead you, the first clue is the use of the year 1998. It was one of the hottest years on record thanks to an unusually strong El Niño.
"The 1998 spike caused by an extraordinary El Niño event has been statistically abused for a long time," said Reto Ruedy, a research associate at NASA, in an e-mail. "What appeared to be an extraordinary global temperature anomaly 15 years ago is now an expected occurrence and has been - within the margin of error - equaled 8 times since then."
In fact, he pointed out, the margin for error in these numbers is about 0.1 degree Fahrenheit, so there's actually no statistical difference between the years 1998 and 2012.
Long-term trend
Start your analysis at the year 1999, or strip out the anomalous year of 1998, and suddenly you see a strong warming trend.
But there's no reason to do that. The truth is there's a huge amount of variability in the climate system; temperatures bounce up and down from year to year. It's messy stuff. That's why climate scientists care more about long-term trends, favoring at least 30-year cycles.
So let's look at that:
There's simply no questioning the trend line here. But let's zoom out even further:
Quite a different picture.
"When skeptics or deniers say look at this little graph that shows that temperatures are not warming anymore, they're misleading or misreading or both," said Peter Gleick, president of the Pacific Institute, a research institute in Oakland.
Problematic plateau
Now it is true that some scientists acknowledge a decline in the rate of temperature increases in recent years, what some have dubbed the climate change plateau or slowdown. But nothing about that is particularly reassuring - or gets us off the hook for our skyrocketing greenhouse gas emissions.
First off, consider the conditions we've witnessed during this period. Regardless of the rate of increase in temperatures, globally nine of the 10 hottest years on record have occurred since 2000.
"It would be absurd to use the hottest 10 or 15 years on record to argue that we don't need to worry about the Earth getting even hotter," said Ken Caldeira of the Carnegie Institution in an e-mail.
We're already living with the consequences of climate change, including more extreme weather events, melting ice caps, rising sea levels and more.
Caldeira said that one of three things is likely at work in the plateau: radiative forcing from carbon dioxide, which is essentially the amount of energy that the added CO{-2} prevents from escaping, is less than scientists thought; more energy is being absorbed by the oceans than previously believed; or more energy is escaping into space.
He said additional research is needed to know what's really under way, but if he were forced to bet, he'd go with the warming ocean. A handful of recent studies also point to the ocean, specifically the deep ocean, as the culprit.
Warming waters
The oceans absorbed about 90 percent of the heat added to the climate system during the last 50 years, according to research published in May in Geophysical Research Letters. And for some reason, the deep ocean became "much more strongly involved in the heat uptake after 1998," the report said.
That's bad news. Warmer oceans alter weather patterns, stir up more powerful storms and threaten all sorts of sea life. And as much attention as melting ice caps get for their role in rising sea levels, the other major cause is warmer water, which simply takes up more space.
Here's what the temperature picture looks like when you toss ocean warming into the mix:
Feel reassured now?
"When you look at the bigger picture, warming hasn't stopped," Gleick said.
Good news, bad news
Some scientists do think there's a possibility that the climate system is slightly less sensitive to growing carbon dioxide concentrations than previously thought. A report published in May in the journal Nature Geoscience looked at temperatures in the last decade and concluded that "equilibrium climate sensitivity" might fall into the lower part of earlier ranges.
It's almost odd to have to point this out, but if so, that is good news for the Earth and its species. It could mean a little more time to deal with the still incredibly abrupt changes under way in our climate system.
But no matter what deniers will make of such reports, it's not evidence that the globe has stopped warming, nor that we've sidestepped a gigantic problem that demands our immediate attention.
"Global temperatures have been increasing for decades," Caldeira said. "From a policy perspective, we have no choice but to transform our energy system into one that does not use the atmosphere as a waste dump."
To read more of The Chronicle's continuing coverage on the impacts of climate change, go to:
Taking the heat - SFGate
James Temple is a San Francisco Chronicle columnist. Dot-Commentary appears three days a week. E-mail:
jtemple@sfchronicle.com Twitter: @jtemple
Source:
How climate deniers abuse statistics to mislead - San Francisco Chronicle