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Almost but not the same.Accord your description, yes USA and England are almost same jury system.
The letter is not an "invitation"--it's a command that you must obey or the police will be knocking on your door. You can't refuse to show up or ignore the order. If you have a very good reason (like a medical condition, or traveling out of state) you can contact the clerk of court for an excuse. Otherwise, you must show up, and then you can request to be excused. It's the judge's decision.The citizens receive the letter from judge invite them to be juror in their court. Some citizens accept their invitation or not.
In America, if it's a jury trial, the jury's decision is THE decision; the judge must accept the jury's decision with rare exceptions.Yes, Jurors vote guilty or not guilty to help Judge´s decision.
Sometimes. Sometimes the penalty phase is separate from the guilt phase.Yes, Judge decides how long they sentence in the jail after get the help from Juror´s vote.
Of course, this all pertains to criminal trials. Civil trials are a different process.