Welcome to AD and no offense taken at all, it's a great question.
I see from your article that you are a foreign-born exchange student. I had friends who were part of a foreign exchange group in HS.... they were my closest buddies, especially my friend from Brazil.
To answer your question about what being deaf feels like, I'd like to mention one thing first. Most deaf people are not fully deaf. I'm fully deaf and unable to hear any sounds even past the 140 dB range. One of my profound deaf friends can feel some kind of pressure/sound in her ear when her dog barks. I don't hear anything. Anyway, I will put you in my shoes so you understand what being deaf can feel like. Suppose you're deaf and you're at your hearing family's reunion. Relatives are talking among each other, their faces and lips moving without any sound being processed in your ear. Then suddenly, they all laugh about something. You are unsure what is going on. You know that you would like to enjoy the moment, so you will feel some kind of emotional bond and warmth with them. They talk for about two extra minutes before you can finally get someone's attention about the joke. The person tries to recall what the joke was, and then goes "Oh! we were talking about..." but the moment has already passed, and you were left out of it completely.
This is not an uncommon occurrence for a deaf person even among hearing friends. They may be talking with their other hearing friends, and they both will laugh but you won't be able to share in the moment. It creates a detachment from any kind of emotional bond with them. Then if you ask them what's going on, they often give you a watered down, condensed version like "We're talking about tomorrow." Then you have to ask, "What about tomorrow?" etc... this is not how a normal friendship should work, but with hearing people it always seems this way and most of them never take the initiative to tell you what's going on. It's hard to feel included with hearing people without sacrificing your own dignity because they wouldn't tell you something otherwise. It is especially important for a hearing person to make deaf people feel included without viewing it as an unnecessary burden, or even a burden at all. There is nothing wrong with us.
Anyway, there are many people who listen to the news on the radio while driving. This is not possible for a deaf person, so the deaf person has to set time aside to get information through the newspaper and news on TV. Further regarding getting information, if I'm out in a public place and there are people walking around and talking, there is no way to eavesdrop on their conversations. In the deaf world, if I wanted to eavesdrop on a signed conversation, that would make me conspicious.. but when hearing people overhear conversations, they have a tremendous advantage. Hearing enables you to learn from other people's real reactions in the environment around you, and gain a sense for what other people really are like. Unfortunately, it makes me feel further left out when in public places to even think about this. It is small wonder that some deaf people are not fond of being around hearing people, because it can stir up some jealousy (which is usually an unhealthy emotion). But when hearing people think they know so much more and think deaf people are dumb, it's a major turn-off because that only means they're taking the information they receive for granted.
I'm not sure how to describe how deafness sense-wise feels like, that's kind of like describing what something smells like, but I feel no vibrations in my ear, and feel like I'm looking outside a box into my surroundings, instead of being part of the surroundings. Hearing people's faces and lips may move, but to me it's like being around people speaking another language and having no clue what's going on, and that I probably don't belong there. When I am around deaf or hearing people who sign, I have a great time with them and we usually communicate just fine, but for someone like me who grew up with very limited exposure to the deaf world, blending into conversations is not always easy.
About 90% of individuals who are deaf or HoH were not born that way. I was born fully hearing and lost my hearing to spinal meningitis when I was two years old. My entire family is hearing, and they tried learning sign language to communicate with me, but it's still easy to feel left out since they don't sign around me when talking to each other unless they're talking directly to me. How deafness feels varies from individual to individual, since their backgrounds differ. Sorry if this post came out sounding negative somewhat, but your question was a good one.