Parental Involvement in Deaf Children's Education Programs as a Predictor of Child's Language, Early Reading, and Social-Emotional Development
Rosemary Calderon
University of Washington
This study examined the impact of school-based, teacher-rated parental involvement on four child outcomes: language development, early reading skills, and positive and negative measures of social-emotional development. The 28 children were assessed for outcomes between 9 to 53 months post-graduation from a birth-to-3 early intervention (EI) program for children with hearing loss. Other factors included in the study were child's hearing loss, mother's education level, mother's current communication skills with her child, and maternal use of additional services beyond those offered by the early intervention program or the child's school program.
Parental involvement in children's school-based education program is a significant positive predictor to early reading skills but shares considerable variance with maternal communication skill for this outcome. In this study, maternal communication skills and the child's hearing loss were the strongest predictors for language development. Maternal use of additional services was the strongest predictor to poorer social-emotional adjustment. The study's findings indicate that although parental involvement in their deaf child's school-based education program can positively contribute to academic performance, parental communication skill is a more significant predictor for positive language and academic development. Factors associated with parental involvement, maternal communication, and use of additional services are explored and suggestions are offered to enhance parental involvement and communication skills.
This research was supported by the University of Washington Royalty Research Fund. I thank Susan Naidu and Susan Norton for their help in recruiting participants and accessing archival data and the parents and children who participated in this study.
Correspondence should be sent to Rosemary Calderon, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 359300, CH-13, Seattle, WA 98195 (e-mail:
rcalde@chmc.org ).
Received January 8, 1999; revised September 17, 1999; accepted October 1, 1999
